The Royal City of Polonnaruwa, located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka, is an ancient city steeped in history and cultural significance. It served as the second capital of Sri Lanka after the decline of Anuradhapura and is renowned for its well-preserved ruins, impressive architecture, and UNESCO World Heritage status. Visitors to Polonnaruwa can explore the remains of a once-glorious kingdom, offering insights into Sri Lanka’s medieval history and the achievements of its rulers.
Polonnaruwa rose to prominence in the 11th century AD during the reign of King Vijayabahu I and reached its zenith under the rule of King Parakramabahu I (1153-1186 AD). During this period, Polonnaruwa became a center of governance, commerce, and culture, known for its grand palaces, temples, irrigation systems, and religious monuments. The city flourished as a hub of Buddhist civilization and international trade, attracting merchants, scholars, and artisans from across Asia.
The cultural landscape of Polonnaruwa is shaped by its royal complexes, monastic buildings, and reservoirs, reflecting the architectural and engineering prowess of the ancient Sinhalese civilization. The city’s layout and structures provide a glimpse into the political organization, religious practices, and daily life of its inhabitants during the medieval period.
Polonnaruwa boasts a wealth of architectural marvels that highlight the city’s cultural and artistic achievements:
Polonnaruwa’s cultural heritage is intertwined with Buddhism, evidenced by the proliferation of monastic complexes, stupas, and sculptures dedicated to Buddhist teachings. The city served as a center for Buddhist learning and propagation, attracting scholars and pilgrims seeking spiritual enlightenment. Visitors can witness ancient inscriptions, statues, and artworks that depict scenes from Buddhist scriptures and historical events, providing insights into the religious life of medieval Sri Lanka.
Guided tours of Polonnaruwa’s archaeological sites offer comprehensive insights into the city’s history, architecture, and cultural significance. Visitors can explore the ruins on foot or by bicycle, with informative guides narrating the stories behind each monument.
The Polonnaruwa Archaeological Museum showcases artifacts unearthed from the city’s excavations, including sculptures, pottery, and ancient coins. The museum provides context to Polonnaruwa’s archaeological treasures and enhances visitors’ understanding of its historical significance.
Some tours include cultural performances featuring traditional Sri Lankan music, dance, and rituals, offering a vibrant glimpse into the island’s cultural heritage.
Polonnaruwa is located approximately 140 kilometers (87 miles) northeast of Kandy and can be reached by car, bus, or organized tours from major cities such as Colombo and Kandy. The archaeological sites are well-maintained and accessible to visitors, with designated parking areas and facilities.
The best time to visit Polonnaruwa is during the dry season from May to September, when the weather is pleasant and rainfall is minimal. Early mornings and late afternoons are ideal for exploring the ruins, as temperatures are cooler and crowds are fewer.
Visitors should wear comfortable footwear and sun protection, as the archaeological sites involve walking on uneven terrain. Respectful attire is recommended when visiting religious sites, and adherence to preservation guidelines helps safeguard Polonnaruwa’s cultural heritage for future generations.
The Royal City of Polonnaruwa stands as a testament to Sri Lanka’s ancient civilization, offering a captivating journey through history, architecture, and cultural heritage. Whether you’re fascinated by ancient ruins, intrigued by Buddhist artistry, or drawn to the engineering marvels of hydraulic civilization, Polonnaruwa promises a rewarding experience for travelers exploring the cultural heartland of Sri Lanka’s North Central Province.